What Is Helium? The Complete African Guide
FastGas Blogs
Helium is one of the most widely used gases in science, industry, and everyday life, yet most people know it only from party balloons. This guide covers what helium is, where it comes from, and how it compares to other gases, including nitrous oxide, giving food and beverage professionals and industry readers a clear reference without scientific jargon.
What Is Helium?
Helium is a naturally occurring element with applications spanning medicine, science, manufacturing, and entertainment. The sections below cover its fundamental chemistry and how it originates on Earth.
Helium’s Place on the Periodic Table
Helium carries the chemical symbol He and holds atomic number 2, placing it second on the periodic table as a member of the noble gas group (Group 18).
Helium gas is colourless, odourless, and tasteless, and it is indeed a gas at all standard temperatures and pressures encountered in everyday and industrial use.
It is also the second most abundant element in the observable universe, even though it is relatively rare on Earth.
Where Does Helium Come From?
Helium forms through the radioactive decay of uranium and thorium deep in the Earth’s crust, where alpha particles accumulate in underground rock formations over millions of years.
Because helium is lighter than air, any that escapes into the atmosphere drifts into space and is permanently lost, making it a finite, non-renewable resource.
This makes responsible sourcing and minimal waste increasingly important considerations for industrial buyers worldwide.
The Discovery and Naming of Helium
The history of helium is one of the more remarkable stories in science, beginning with the observation of the sun rather than a laboratory discovery.
This context is useful for understanding the broader range of types of gases that industrial chemistry has since made available.
First Detected in the Sun
In 1868, French astronomer Jules Janssen first observed an unknown spectral line in the sun’s chromosphere during a solar eclipse in India; English astronomer Norman Lockyer independently observed the same line months later and was the first to propose it came from an unknown element, which he named helium.
Helium was not isolated on Earth until 1895, when Scottish chemist William Ramsay extracted it from a uranium-bearing mineral called cleveite.
How Helium Got Its Name
The element was named after Helios, the ancient Greek god of the sun, making it the only element on the periodic table named after a celestial body.
This reflects a unique distinction in chemistry: helium was understood as a concept before it was ever physically obtained on Earth.
Physical Properties of Helium
Helium’s physical properties set it apart from almost every other known substance, and they are directly responsible for its wide range of industrial applications.
Those properties also explain why helium behaves so differently from other gases commonly encountered in industry.
Colour, Weight, and Boiling Point
Helium gas is colourless, odourless, and tasteless, and at approximately 0.178 grams per litre, it is roughly seven times lighter than air.
With a boiling point of -268.93°C, it has the lowest liquefaction temperature of any element, making liquid helium the coldest commercially produced cryogenic substance available.
While helium does not expire or degrade chemically, cylinders can lose pressure over time if seals deteriorate.
Why Helium Does Not React with Other Elements
Helium is chemically inert because its outermost electron shell is completely full, leaving no capacity for bonding with other atoms.
This inertness makes it invaluable in applications requiring a non-reactive environment, from arc welding shielding to sensitive scientific manufacturing.
What Is Helium Used For?
Helium gas uses extend far beyond balloons and cover some of the most critical technologies in medicine, science, and industry.
Below is a practical breakdown of the main application areas.
Balloons and Lifting Applications
Helium’s low density creates effective lift, and its non-flammable nature makes it far safer than hydrogen, which was used in early airships with catastrophic results.
It provides approximately 93% of the lift of hydrogen with none of the combustion risk, making it the universal standard for lifting applications.
Weather balloons used by meteorological services across South Africa and the wider continent rely on helium for both safety and operational performance.
Cooling and Cryogenic Uses
Liquid helium is essential for cooling the superconducting magnets inside MRI machines, particle accelerators, and NMR spectrometers, where standard refrigerants cannot reach the required temperatures.
Every major hospital in South Africa operating MRI equipment depends on a consistent helium supply, as do medical facilities across Nigeria, Ghana, and the wider continent.
Medical and Scientific Applications
In commercial and scientific diving, helium is used in heliox breathing mixtures to replace nitrogen and reduce the risk of narcosis at depth.
In laboratory settings, it functions as a carrier gas in analytical instruments and as a controlled atmosphere for manufacturing fibre optic cables and semiconductors.
These applications make helium fundamental to communications and technology manufacturing on a global scale.
Industrial and Welding Uses
Helium is used as a shielding gas in arc welding for aluminium and stainless steel, where its inertness prevents oxidation of the weld.
It also plays a key role in precision leak detection, where it is introduced into pressurised systems and traced using a mass spectrometer to identify microscopic faults.
Helium vs Other Industrial Gases: How They Compare
Helium is one of several compressed gases used across industry, each with distinct properties and purposes.
Understanding how it compares to others clarifies where it fits in the broader industrial gas landscape.
Helium vs Hydrogen: Key Differences
Both helium and hydrogen are lighter than air and provide lifting force, but hydrogen is highly flammable and explosive, while helium is entirely non-combustible.
The 1937 Hindenburg disaster, caused by the ignition of hydrogen, accelerated the global shift toward helium for all lifting applications where safety is non-negotiable.
Helium vs Nitrous Oxide: Different Gases, Different Purposes
Helium and nitrous oxide (N₂O) are both stored in pressurised cylinders, but helium is an inert noble gas while N₂O is a reactive compound used in food production, clinical sedation, and automotive performance.
For food and beverage professionals, N₂O is the operationally relevant gas, and understanding the full range of types of gases helps buyers source correctly.
FastGas Africa supplies food-grade N₂O to professional buyers across South Africa, Nigeria, Ghana, and the wider region.
How Is Helium Produced and Sourced?
Helium does not occur in a usable form at the Earth’s surface and must be extracted through industrial processes. Supply reliability is a genuine concern for industries that depend on it consistently.
Natural Gas Extraction
Commercial helium is produced as a by-product of natural gas processing, where specialised equipment separates it from wells containing helium trapped alongside methane.
The United States has historically been the dominant producer, with Qatar, Russia, and Algeria growing as significant suppliers.
Recurring supply shortages driven by geopolitical disruptions and production outages have made advance planning an increasingly critical consideration for industrial buyers.
Global Supply and Availability in Africa
Africa does not currently produce significant quantities of helium domestically, and buyers across South Africa, Nigeria, and Ghana source it through established import channels.
South Africa’s well-developed industrial gas infrastructure makes it the most accessible market on the continent for consistent helium supply.
Operations in Nigeria and Ghana rely more heavily on regional import logistics, which can affect lead times and pricing more unpredictably.
Frequently Asked Questions About Helium
The questions below cover the fundamentals of helium, its applications, safety considerations, and how it relates to food and beverage gases.
What is helium?
Helium is a naturally occurring noble gas and the second element on the periodic table, with the chemical symbol He. It is colourless, odourless, non-toxic, and non-flammable, and exists as a gas under all standard conditions.
What is helium used for?
Helium uses span four main categories: lifting applications such as balloons and weather balloons, cryogenic cooling for MRI machines and scientific instruments, medical breathing mixtures for deep-sea divers, and industrial applications such as arc welding and leak detection.
Of these, cryogenic cooling accounts for the largest share of global helium consumption.
What is the biggest use of helium?
Cryogenic cooling is the single largest application for helium globally. Liquid helium is essential for maintaining the superconducting magnets inside MRI scanners, particle accelerators, and NMR equipment at the temperatures those systems require.
Is helium flammable or dangerous?
Helium is not flammable; as a chemically inert noble gas, it cannot ignite, burn, or react under any standard conditions. The primary safety consideration is asphyxiation risk in enclosed spaces, where helium can displace oxygen if released in large quantities.
How is helium different from other food and beverage gases?
Helium is not used in food and beverage production. The relevant gas for professional kitchen and bar applications is nitrous oxide (N₂O), used in cream dispensers, nitro coffee systems, and culinary infusion processes.
